Oral Presentation Australian Society for Microbiology Annual Scientific Meeting 2023

Heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in benthic shark microbiomes  (94054)

Emma Kerr 1 , Chloe Robert 1 , Ryan Hesse 1 , Belinda Martin 1 , Bhavya Nalagampalli Papudeshi 1 , Vijini Mallawaarachchi 1 , Robert Edwards 1 , Lauren Meyer 1 , Charlie Huveneers 1 , Michael Doane 1 , Elizabeth Dinsdale 1
  1. Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia

Sharks are important predators in benthic marine ecosystems facing threats such as overfishing, pollution, and climate change. Anthropogenic activities have increased the concentration of heavy metal pollution in marine ecosystems. Heavy metals are naturally occurring elements that accumulate in the environment and have toxic effects on living organisms. Heavy metal toxicity disrupts physiological processes, causing oxidative stress, and leads to DNA damage in sharks. Microbial genes for heavy metal and antibiotic resistance are selected for simultaneously in environments or hosts with high concentrations of metals. Antibiotic resistance has been linked to the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human and animal populations. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria spreads between different organisms and environments, including aquatic ecosystems, through various pathways such as wastewater discharge and aquaculture. Heavy metal exposure leads to changes in the microbial communities of marine organisms. Exposure to metals alters the gut microbiota of fish, which has negative effects on their health and immune function. Antibiotics alters the microbial communities of aquatic organisms, leading to an increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria impacting host microbiomes. Shark microbiomes typically have a higher relative abundance of heavy metal resistance genes than nearby algae or water microbes. The co-selection of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance genes in shark microbiomes could have a direct effect on host health and vulnerability to pathogens. To address how anthropogenic activity impacts shark microbiomes, we collected the skin microbiome of Port Jackson sharks, Heterodontus portusjacksoni, at several locations in South Australia with varying human activity. We utilized shotgun metagenomics describe the AMR profile of H. portjacksoni microbiomes sampled at different locations. We found a high relative abundance of Pseudalteromonas bacteria which are known carriers of antibiotic resistance genes in the marine environment. A metagenome assembled genome (MAG) of Photobacterium damselae, a potential shark pathogen, contained four antibiotic resistance genes. We highlight the importance of understanding shark microbiomes and their impact on global environmental health.