Archaea and eukaryotes are increasingly recognized as one domain, distinct from bacteria. Understanding how primordial archaeal cells evolved complexity and collaborated with bacteria to establish eukaryotes is a largely unresolved problem. Our research aims to uncover the largely unknown processes of archaeal cell division and morphogenesis, which differ substantially compared to bacteria and eukaryotes, largely attributed to the very different cell envelope structures in these organisms. Here, we describe recent advances in understanding the function and regulation of archaeal cytoskeletal proteins (FtsZ and CetZ) at the heart of these processes, which are related to the well-known eukaryotic tubuiln and bacterial FtsZ cytoskeletal proteins, as well as the discovery of new archaea-specific proteins with important functions in division and morphogenesis. These have provided insights into the diversity of functions of these widely conserved proteins and highlighted common features across domains as well as differences that provide improved understanding of the mechanisms underpinning division and morphogenesis across the tree of life.